化学专业英语翻译.....
Electroless nickel plating technology has developed rapidly in recent years, and with the electronics, aerospace, oil and other areas more and more applications, electroless nickel plating technology will be further developed. Electroless nickel plating is a nickel salt and a reducing agent in a solution oxidation-reduction reaction, deposited on the surface of the workpiece of Ni-P alloy coating, and simultaneous deposition of hydrogen. Electroless nickel plating workpiece can get in addition to its good wear and corrosion resistance, as well as strong operability, coating thickness uniformity, good chemical stability and excellent performance. In this paper, the reaction mechanism of electroless nickel plating starting by changing the bath composition and the composition of the nickel plating to determine the composition and ingredients for nickel-phosphorus layer deposition rate, corrosion resistance, porosity, hardness, and other effects. Meanwhile in the trial found that the coating quality and pre-plating treatment, plating and after plating processing conditions have a great relationship.
Through testing, and ultimately determine the optimal formula. The formulation process of the plating rate at 12μm / h or so, copper sulfate drip experiment time was 101min, porosity 0.250 /, and its morphology tests. In determining the optimal formula, the amount of load of the bath, the bath life and bath maintenance study, it can be produced in industry.
来自谷歌翻译器。话说这玩意的中翻英质量还算可以。。我的本科论文摘要就找这玩意翻译的
翻译好了，接一下
D ,L252单取代海因是工业生产 D2氨基酸的重要前体[1～3 ]。海因酶具有底物特异性 ,D2海因酶(EC 3151212)可转化外消旋的D ,L252单取代海因中的D型消旋体成为D2N2氨甲酰氨基酸 ,剩余的L252单取代海因由于完全不被 D2海因酶所作用 ,如图 1所示 ,先进行消旋 ,从而使得 D ,L2海因完全转化为光学纯的 D2N2氨甲酰氨基酸 ,并进一步被转化为D2氨基酸。因此 ,52单取代海因的自发消旋成为L2或D2N2氨甲酰氨基酸生产中的一个重要的步骤。若海因的自发消旋速率远低于海因水解酶的水解速率 ,则海因的消旋将成为D2N2氨甲酰氨基酸生产中的一个限速步骤。目前关于 52单取代海因的消旋的文献非常少 ,海因消旋的细节问题也没有被完全揭示。
D.L 252 monosubstituted hydantoin is the important precursor of industrial produced D2 amino acid. Hydantoin has substrate specificity. D2 hydantoinase (EC3151212) can change the D type racemates of the racemic D,L252 monosubstituted hydantoin to D2N2 carbamoylase, and the leftover L252 monosubstituted hydantoin due to never reacted with D2 hydantoinase, shown as figure 1, firstly racemizing, thus makes the D,L2 hydantoin completely changes to pure optical D2N2 carbamoylase, and then be changed to D2 amino acid. Therefore, the auto racemization of L252 monosubstituted hydantoin is an important step of the production of L2 or D2N2 carbamoylase. If the ratio of the auto racemization of the hydantoin is much lower than the hydrolytic ratio of hydantoin hydrolase(?), the racemization of hydantoin will be a speed limited step of the production of D2N2 carbamoylase. As so far, there is just a little of literature of L252 monosubstituted hydantoin, and the details of the racemization of hydantoin are not revealed.
1 材料与方法
111 实验材料
L2丙氨酸(国家生化工程中心) 、 L2苯丙氨酸(国家生化工程中心) 、氰酸钠(江都化工厂) ,其他试剂为国产分析纯试剂。
112 实验方法
11211 52取代海因衍生物的制备
采用Henze2Speer法[4～5 ]进行52取代海因衍生物的制备:
反应温度为60～80 ℃。反应6 h后 ,加入盐酸酸化 ,继续加热 8 h ,冷却后过滤得到的固体用酒精和水的混合溶液重结晶 ,得到无色晶状目的产物。因使用的氨基酸不同 ,反应条件略有变化 ,产率一般为40 %～80 % ,所得的52取代海因具有和底物氨基酸相同的旋光方向。
1, material and method
111 Experimental materials
L2 alanine (national biochemical technical centre), L2 phenylalanine (national biochemical technical centre), sodium cyanate(Jiangdu chemical plant), The others are Chinese made analytical agent.
112 Experimental methods
11211 The preparation of 52 substituted hydantoin ramification.
The henze 2 speer method is used to prepare the 52 substituted hydantoin ramification.
The temperature of reaction is 60～80 ℃, after 6 hours add hydrochloric acid, and then heat it for 8 hours. Cool down then filter the liquid, recrystallize the gained solid with the mixed liquid of alcohol and water. The final product is colorless crystal. Due to different amino acids are used, the reaction conditions have a bit different. Normally the percentage yield is 40%-80%, the gained 52 substituted hydantoin has same optical rotation with substrate amino acid.
11212 海因衍生物的消旋
a.精确称量41000 g L252甲基海因 ,溶解于蒸馏水中 ,定容至250 mL ,测定其旋光度 ,并以此值为未消旋化的起始数据。
b.用 6 mol/ L 的 NaOH溶液调整海因溶液 pH值达810 ,90 ℃水浴2 h ,于旋光仪上测定其旋光度。
c.同 b ,依次调节溶液pH值为710、 810、 910 ,分别测定其旋光度。
d.同 b ,依次于50 ℃水浴中及室温下恒温2 h ,分别测定其旋光度 ,并与起始数据对比 ,计算消旋比 r ( %) :r =αt/α0 ,其中αt 为 t 时间溶液的旋光度 ,α0为溶液初始旋光度。
11212 racemization of hydantoin ramification.
a. accurately weight 41000g L252 methyl hydantoin, dissolve into distilled water, make up to 250ml, measure the rotation, and the rotation values is the start data of non-racemization.
b. Use 6M sodium hydroxide to make the pH to 810, then with 90 ℃ water bath for 2 hours. Measure the rotation with the polarimeter.
c. Repeat b, make pH value to 710, 810 and 910, measure the rotation.
d. Repeat b, with 50 ℃ and room temperature water bath for 2 hours. Measure the rotation and compare it with the start values. Calculate the racemization ration r ( %) :r =αt/α0 , which αt is measured rotation and α0 is initial rotation.
11213 海因的碱解
精确称量41000 g L252甲基海因 ,溶解于蒸馏水中 ,定容至 250 mL ,用 NaOH溶液和盐酸分别调至pH = 2、 8、 12 , 90 ℃水浴反应4 h ,中间取样测定其N2氨甲酰丙氨酸浓度。
11213 alkaline hydrolysis of hydantoin
accurately weight 41000g L252 methyl hydantoin, dissolve into distilled water, make up to 250ml. Use sodium hydroxide solution and hydrochloric acid to make the pH to 2, 8, 12, with 90 ℃ water bath for 4 hours. In the processing should measure the concentration of N2 carbamino alanine.
11214 海因的转化
采用012 %的海因溶液 ,按 w (底物)∶ w (菌泥)= 1∶ 5的比例 ,于pH 915 ,温度40 ℃下进行转化。
取样:取样10 mL ,加入 5 mL 三氯乙酸停止反应 ,摇匀 ,放冰箱待测。
11214 Conversion of hydantoin
Use 012% hydantoin solution, with the ratio of substrate : microbe earth is1:5, convert under the condition that pH is 915 and temperature is 40 ℃.
Sampling, take 10 ml sample, add 5ml trichloroacetic acid, shock until even. Put in fridge and waiting for measurement.
3 结 论
311 海因的消旋遵循本文所提出的碳负离子理论 ,其消旋过程为一级反应动力学过程。由海因消旋的半衰期可看出提高温度和pH对海因的消旋均有利 ,但pH过高的情况下海因则会发生碱解反应从而造成损失。
312 本文采用的海因转化酶系中所含为 D2海因酶 ,对D2海因的转化活性非常高 ,由此可见 ,如若采用的转化体系中没有消旋酶的存在 ,则海因的消旋成为海因酶转化生产光学活性氨基酸的一个限速步骤。
3. Conclusion
311 The racemization of hydantoin is ruled by the carbon anion method from this essay. The process is first class kinetic process. From the half life of the hydantoin racemization, could be seen increase the temperature and pH are both good for the racemization, but if the pH value is too high the alkaline hydrolysis will happen and make some loss.
312 The hydantoin convert enzyme used in this essay is D2 hydantoinase, which has very high convert activity for D2 hydantoin. Therefore, if the used process of conversion do not occur the enzyme, the racemizatoin of hydantoin will be a speed limited step for the process that hydantoinase produce optical active amino acid.
有几个地方不是很准确的，那个菌泥不知如何翻译，写成了微生物泥，海因水解酶也不知道如何翻译，写的是海因，水解酶，是两个词。写了个问号在那里。
一些专业名词应当核实一下。
就这么多了，希望有帮助。
[15]. 可是最近的结果表明，电极（例如石墨阳极）的相变可能控制电极的充放电过程，特别是在初始阶段【14】，因为由相变感生的应力和应变是相变的速率降低【15】。It is found that the electrodes with the low volume change during Li insertion/extraction have a high rate capability. For example, the Li4 Ti5 O12 with almost zero volume change has excellent rate capability due to the fast phase transformation. Therefore, the phase transformation may play an important role in charge–discharge process of electrode.人们发现，在锂附着/萃取过程中立即变化小的电极具有较高的速率能力。例如，体积变化几乎为零的Li4 Ti5 O12因为有快速的相变，就具有优异的速率能力。因此，相变在电极的充放电过程中可以起重要的作用。
So far, all the mathematical models used for determining the charge–discharge behavior of electrode materials are based on
the assumption that the charge–discharge process is controlled by diffusion. However, recent results show that the phase trans- formation of electrodes (for example graphite anode) may con- trol the charge–discharge process of the electrodes especially at the initial stage [14] because the stress and stain induced by phase transformation decreases the rate of phase transformation
[15]. It is found that the electrodes with the low volume change during Li insertion/extraction have a high rate capability. For example, the Li4 Ti5 O12 with almost zero volume change has excellent rate capability due to the fast phase transformation. Therefore, the phase transformation may play an important role in charge–discharge process of electrode.
到目前为止，所有的数学模型用于确定充放电性能的电极材料是基于
假设，即充放电过程是扩散控制。然而，最近的结果表明，相转化电极（例如石墨负极）可控制的充放电过程中电极特别是在初期阶段[ 14 ] ，因为应力和应变诱导相变降低相变率
[ 15 ] 。结果表明，电极与低量变化李插入/提取率高，有能力。例如，与Li4 Ti5 O12几乎为零体积变化的能力具有良好的速度快，由于相变。因此，相变可发挥重要作用，充放电过程中电极。
到目前为止，所有的数学模型用于确定充放电性能的电极材料是基于这样的假设充放电过程是扩散控制。然而，最近的结果表明，相转化电极（例如石墨负极）可控制的充放电过程中电极特别是在初期阶段[ 14 ] ，因为应力和应变诱导相变降低率相变[ 15 ] 。结果表明，电极与低量变化李插入/提取率高，有能力。
例如，与Li4 Ti5 O12几乎为零体积变化的能力具有良好的速度快，由于相变。因此，相变可发挥重要作用，充放电过程中电极。
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