英语汉译英

英语语句汉译英时该注意什么?~

 一.词义选择
  大多数英语词汇是多义的,翻译时必须选择正确的词义。词义选择的方法有三:根据上下文和词的搭配选择、根据词类选择、根据专业选择。
  二.词义转换
  在理解英文词汇的原始意义基础上,翻译时可根据汉语的习惯按引伸义译出;或用反义词语译出,即所谓的正文反译、反文正译。
  三.词类转换
  英语中很多由动词转化而成的名词、以及动名词、非谓语动词等,汉译时可将它们转换成动词。
  四.补词
  是指原文已有某种含义但未用词汇直接表达,译文中需将这些含义补充进去,这样才更通顺易读,如:英语中数词与名词之间没有量词,而译成汉语时可酌情增加。
  五.省略
  是指原文中某些词在译文中省略不译,只要并不影响意义的完整。如:上面讲的汉语“量词”,译成英语时则可以省略;又如:英语中大量使用物主代词而汉语中往往省略不用。
  六.并列与重复
  英语在表达重复含义的并列结构中常采用共享、替代、转换等形式来避免重复,而汉语却常常有意重复表达以加强文字的力度,如:英语的物主代词替代前面的名词,短语动词只重复介词而省略主动词,汉译时可考虑重复表达。
二、句子结构方面
  子结构方面的翻译技巧,主要有三种类型:语序类、组合类和转换类。
  一.语序类
  1. 顺译法与逆译法
  第三书中讲句子顺序时谈到,英语时间状语可前可后。不仅如此英语在表达结果、条件、说明等定语从句、状语从句也很灵活,既可以先述也可以后述。而汉语表达往往是按时间或逻辑的顺序进行的,因此,顺译法也罢逆译法也罢,其实都是为了与汉语的习惯相一致。英语表达与汉语一致的就顺译,相反的则逆译。
  有时候顺译法与逆译法的差别,就象前面谈的正译与反译,依译者的爱好而定。
  2. 前置法
  英语中较短的限定性定语从句、表身份特征等的同位语在译成汉语时,往往可以提到先行词(中心词)的前面。
  3. 分起总叙与总起分叙
  长句子和句子嵌套现象在英语中比较普遍,这是因为英语的连词、关系代词、关系副词等虚词比较活跃、生成能力强,可构成并列句、复合句以及它们的组合形式。
  嵌套罗列而成的英语长句确实给理解和翻译都带来了一定困难。但联想到逻辑语法分析方法却又令人思路豁然明亮。
  英语长句虽然长,但它既称为“句”,毕竟可以提炼成一个主干和由若干个定语从句、状语从句等构成的说明部分。用“三秋树法则”可简化出这个主干。
  根据句子阐述的内容和汉语的思维习惯,采用分起总叙或总起分叙翻译法翻译即可。
  总起分叙,就是先把句子的主干译出,然后分别译出其它说明部分,即先归纳后叙述;分起总叙,就是先叙述后总结。
  4. 归纳法(综合法)
  对于个别英语语言呈跳跃性的长句、蒙太奇性的长句,译者需要进行“综合治理”,重新组合,体会“翻译是再创造”这句话的含义,归纳而成明明白白的佳译。
  二.组合类
  1. 分句法
  有些句子由于“联系词”的联系,虽在形式上是一个句子,但句子许多成分的意义是独立的。将它们断开分成短句是完全可以的。断开的位置一般可选在这些联系词处。联系词通常由关系代词、关系副词、独立副词、伴随动词等担任。
  2. 合句法
  形式上为两个句子或多个句子,但意思紧密相关,只要译文不显得冗长,是可以合译成一个句子的。如:同主语的简单句、并列句可合成一个句子的并列成分,较短的定语从句、状语从句可由从句缩成主句的修饰成分。
  三.转换类
  1. 句子成分的转换
  前面说到词类可以转译,句子成分在翻译时也可以转换。句子成分的转换主要是由译文里动词与名词的搭配关系改变了它们在原文里的语法关系引起的。
  2. 被动语态的转换
  一些被动语态句子可以按顺译法直译,但大多数被动语态的句子翻译时需要做一番转换才能使译文更加汉语化,这是汉语较少使用被动语态的缘故。
  被动语态的改译常有三种方法:①还原成主动句:将by后的动作发出者还原成主语;增加“人们”“我们”等原文省略的动作发出者还原成主动句。②构造成主动句:使用“把、由、使、让、给”等词译成主动句。③转化成自动句:通过选择汉语译文的动词,将原文动词的承受者(即主语)转变成汉语中那个动词动作的发出者(仍然做主语)。

1. 我学习英语已经有六年了
I've learned English for six years.
I've been learning English for six years.
2. 我去过北京有三次
I've been to Beijing three times.
3. 自从我第一次见到他,我们互相写信已有十年了
We've written to each other for 7 years since I met him for the first time.
4. 我一直在收集邮票
I've been collecting stamps.
5. 当我到达车站是,公共汽车已经走了
The bus had left when I reached the bus station.
6. 当我赶到学校时,已经开始上课了
The class had begun when I got to school.
7. 我还没去过巴黎
I haven't been to Paris.
8. 当我回家是,我发现我吧伞忘在教室里了
I found I had left the umbrella in the classroom when I returned home.
9. 爸爸去了北京,一个星期后他将回来
Dad has gone to Beijing, and he'll return in a week.
10. 到2005年底为止,我已经学习了2000个英语单词
I had learned two thousand English words by the end of 2005.

1.我正在照料附近工厂的一位工人.
2.我昨天晚上上床以后对这个问题反复进行了思考,但仍然找不到解决办法.
3.不管天气多冷或多热,我每天坚持练习。
4.为了取得你期望的一切,你应该从今天就开始努力
5.我们两虽然分别(apart from each other)了三年,但仍保持着我们的友谊
6.天下雨了,结果我们大家都没能去听音乐会
7.如同很多大学生一样,我们学校的学生非常爱看这个作家的小说
8.我的健康在很大程度上归功于医生和护士们的照顾
1. I was caring for a nearby factory workers.

2. I went to bed last night after repeatedly on this issue had thought, but still can not find a solution.

3. No matter the weather more than cold or more heat, I keep practicing every day.

4. In order to obtain everything you expect, you should begin to work from today

5. We 2 Although the two (apart from each other) for three years, but still maintained our friendship

6. The rain, with the result that we failed to go to a concert

7. Like many college students, our students love to read this writer's novel is

8. My health is largely due to the care of doctors and nurses who

1.我正在照料附近工厂的一位工人.
I am looking after a worker of the nearby factory.
2.我昨天晚上上床以后对这个问题反复进行了思考,但仍然找不到解决办法.
Last night I thought about this problem again and again after I went to bed, but I still could not find a solution.
3.不管天气多冷或多热,我每天坚持练习。
No matter how cold or hot it is, I keep practising everyday.
4.为了取得你期望的一切,你应该从今天就开始努力
In order to achieve whatever you expect, you should work hard from today on.
5.我们两虽然分别(apart from each other)了三年,但仍保持着我们的友谊
Although we have been apart from each other for three years, we still keep our friendship.
6.天下雨了,结果我们大家都没能去听音乐会
It rained so that we all couldn't go to the concert.
7.如同很多大学生一样,我们学校的学生非常爱看这个作家的小说
As many college students,the students of our school like reading this writer's novels.
8.我的健康在很大程度上归功于医生和护士们的照顾
To a large extent, my health attributes to the care of the doctors and the nurses.

1.他的工作与动物有关(have
something
to
do
with)
His
work
has
something
to
do
with
animals.
2.为了(in
order
to)天黑前到达,我们早早地动了身
In
order
to
arrive
before
dark,
we
started
earlier.
3.从她的口音判断(judge
by),她一定是个北方人
Judging
by
his
accent,
she
must
live
in
north.
4.如果你们要她来,就事先(in
advance)通知她
If
you
want
her
to
come,
please
inform
her
in
advance.
5.我不清楚他为什么改变了主意(change
one's
mind)
I
don't
know
why
he
changed
his
mind.
6.大多数人一旦(once)学会游泳,就会喜欢上它的
Most
people
love
swimming
once
they
have
learned
how
to
swim.
7.你现在准备的越充分,在考试中就越有信心
The
more
you
prepare,
the
more
confident
you
would
be
in
the
exam.
8.英语学好了,你就会经常用它。而经常使用(frequent
use)反过来又会使你学得更好
You
will
use
it
frequently
when
you
have
learnt
English
well.
And
in
the
other
side,
frequent
use
will
also
in
reverse
make
you
learn
better.

1
冬天比秋天冷
Winter
is
colder
than
autumn.
2
他是我们班最聪明的学生。
He
is
the
smartest
student
in
our
class.
3
他比我小,但比我高
He
is
younger
than
me,
but
he
is
taller
than
me.
4
这发夹太贵了,请给我i看看便宜一点的。This
hairpin
is
too
expensive,
please
show
me
a
cheaper
one.
5
你的房间和我的一样大。Your
room
is the
same big
as
mine.
6大象是陆地上最大的动物。Elephant
is
the
largest
animal
in
the
land.
7他是我们学校最受欢迎的老师之一
He
is
one
of
the
most
popular
teachers
in
our
class.
8
我认为游泳不如远足有趣
I
think
swimming
is
less
interesting
than
hiking.
9
Peter是6个学生中体重最重的。Peter
is
the
heaviest
boy
among
the
six
students.
10
他比我们强壮多了。He
is
much
stronger
than
us.

1. I was caring for a nearby factory workers.

2. I went to bed last night after repeatedly on this issue had thought, but still can not find a solution.

3. No matter the weather more than cold or more heat, I keep practicing every day.

4. In order to obtain everything you expect, you should begin to work from today

5. We 2 Although the two (apart from each other) for three years, but still maintained our friendship

6. The rain, with the result that we failed to go to a concert

7. Like many college students, our students love to read this writer's novel is

8. My health is largely due to the care of doctors and nurses who

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