求英语大神帮忙翻译化学实验报告一篇。
1.Experiment preparation
Laboratory equipment, pharmaceuticals,materials: cotton thread, silk thread, two 200ml beakers, a piece of cardboard,a number of filter papers, a kerosene lamp, asbestos net, iron stand with hoops,thermometer, copper sulfate powder, and a glass rod.
2.Experimental procedure
(1) Pour 100 ml of distilled water into abeaker and heat it to a temperature 10 to 20 ° C higher than room temperature,and add sufficient quantities of copper sulfate;
(2) Stir with a glass rod, until saturated(a small amount of crystal cannot be dissolved), filter the hot solution to a heated beaker;
(3 )Cover the beaker with a cardboard, and allowed to stand overnight to let it slowly cooling down and crystalized.
(4) The next day small crystals appear at the bottom of the beaker, each about 12.5px long, then take a relatively complete crystal, fasten to a wooden stick with a silk thread.
(5) Heat the solution to a temperature 5 to 10 ° C above room temperature, add a small amount of copper sulfate, and make it saturated again.
(6) Put the fastened copper sulfate crystal into warm saturated copper sulfate solution, note that it is completely submerged,and does not touch the wall or bottom of the beaker.
(7) Cover the beaker with a cardboard, and allowed to stand overnight; observed daily, and repeat the procedure of steps 6 and 7.
3. Experimental care
(1) Control the temperature of the solution, the crystal should be removed before heating the solution, the crystal is immersedin solution when temperature became uniform.
(2) Pay attention to the change of ambient temperature, the saturated solution should be cooled slowly.
(3) Containers used must be clean, and must be covered to prevent falling in dust.
4.Experimental conclusions
(1) The solubility of copper sulfate increases with the rising of temperature, crystal forming rate speeds up by strict control of temperature changes;
(2) The model must be suspended in the solution. If the model and the glass laminating, after cooling the solution, precipitated crystal will adhere between the coil and the glass, and the forming of the crystal shape will be irregular.
同时减少使用硼氢化钠作为还原剂的方法成功地合成了碳支持PdNi为碱性直接乙醇燃料电池中乙醇的氧化反应的催化剂。 X-射线衍射表征证实PdNi/ C催化剂的碳粉的面心立方晶体钯和Ni（OH）的形成。透射电子显微镜图像显示，金属颗粒分散在碳粉，而能量色散X射线光谱仪的结果表明，镍钯周围均匀分布。 X射线光电子能谱分析
Aluminum potassium sulfate preparation and crystal growthOne, the purpose of the experiment
1 understand the principle and process of producing aluminum sulfate;
2 further understanding of the Al and Al (OH) 3 sexes;
3 education principles and methods of crystals from solution.
Two, the experimental principle
The sulfate aluminum with alkali metal (K2SO4) forming aluminum potassium sulfate salt.
Aluminum potassium sulfate (K2SO4 · Al2 (SO4) 3 · 24H2O) commonly known as alum, it is a kind of colorless crystals, Yi Rong in the water, and the hydrolysis of Al (OH) 3 casse. It has a strong absorption performance, aluminum salt industry is important, as water purifying agent, filling agent in papermaking etc..
This experiment using aluminum dissolved in sodium hydroxide solution, four hydroxy aluminum acid sodium production of soluble metal aluminum, otherimpurities are insoluble, filter to remove impurities. Then using H2SO4 to regulate the pH value of the solution for 8-9, namely Al (OH) 3 precipitate,separation, adding H2SO4 in the precipitation, the Al (OH) 3 into Al2 (SO4) 3,and then made into Al2 (SO4) 3 crystals, Al2 (SO4) 3 crystal and K2SO4 crystalrespectively into saturated solution, mixing with alum generated. The reaction is as follows:
2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O = 2Na[Al (OH) 4] + 3H2
[Al (OH) 4]+ H+ = Al (OH) 3 + H2O
2Al (OH) 3 + 3H2SO4 = Al2 (SO4) 3 + 6H2O
Al2 (SO4) 3 + K2SO4 + 24H2O = K2SO4 · Al2 (SO4) 3 · 24H2O
Cultivation of alum crystal: when there is K2SO4 · Al2 (SO4) 3 · 24H2O crystal precipitation, filtering to obtain crystal, choose structured as a seed, put in the filtrate, the upper dish, let the solution of natural evaporation, crystallization will gradually grow up, become a large single crystal, crystal has eight surface morphology. In order to make the seeds grow large single crystal, it is important not to solution temperature change is too big, make water slow evaporation. In addition to grow large crystals, crystal system can also be generated with the nylon rope, suspended in solution. Such crystals in the growth rate is not affected, the crystals formed more rules.
Three, experimental equipment
Apparatus and materials: beaker, electronic scales, funnel, the evaporating dish,alcohol lamp, three tripod, asbestos, matches, glass funnel, cylinder, filter paper,pH paper, nylon line.
Reagents: Al chip (C.P), NaOH (C.P), K2SO4 (C.P), H2SO4 (3mol · L - 1, 1:1),BaCl2 (0.1 mol · L - 1).
Four, the experimental steps
1.Al (OH) 3 generation
Take 2.3 grams of NaOH solid, into a 200mL beaker, add 30mL distilled water solution. Take 1 grams of aluminum scrap, in batches into the solution (reaction,prevent spills, should be carried out in a fume hood), to no longer have bubbles,indicating the reaction is completed, and then adding distilled water, the volume is about 40mL, filtration. The filtrate into a 200mL beaker, heated to boiling, withcontinuous stirring, add 3mol · L - 1H2SO4, the solution of pH 8 - 9, continue to stir boiled a few minutes, and then filtration, washing and precipitation with boiling water, until the washing liquid pH value reduced to about 7, dry.
2.Al2 (SO4) 3 preparation
The prepared Al (OH) 3 into the beaker, under continuous stirring, adding 1:1,H2SO4, and water bath heating. When the solution became clear, stop adding sulfuric acid, Al2 (SO4) 3 solution. The concentrated solution for the 1/2 of the original volume, removed, water cooling to room temperature, the crystallization,filtration, the crystal blot with the filter paper, weighing.
Culture and crystal 3 alum system
The weighing of the aluminum sulfate crystal is arranged on the small beaker,with saturated solution at room temperature. The other weigh K2SO4 solid, alsowith the same volume of saturated solution, and then an equal volume of twosaturated solution phase mixing, stirring evenly. After placement, there will bealum crystal precipitation. Select the filter, structured as a seed, put in thefiltrate, the upper dish, let the solution of natural evaporation, crystallization will gradually grow up, become a large single crystal, crystal has eight surfacemorphology.
In order to make the seed generation of large single crystal, it is important not tosolution temperature change is too big, make water slow evaporation. To generate a large crystal, crystal system can also be generated with the nylon rope, suspended in solution. Such crystals in the growth rate is not affected.
Cultivation and preparation of potassium aluminum sulfate crystals
First, the purpose of the experiment
1 . Learn from the principle of the preparation of aluminum and aluminum potassium sulfate process ;
2 . Further understanding of Al and Al (OH) 3 sexes ;
3 . Principles and methods of learning in the crystals from the solution.
Second, the experimental principle
Aluminum sulfate with an alkali metal sulfate (K2SO4) and potassium aluminum sulfate and generated salts.
Aluminum potassium sulfate (K2SO4 · Al2 (SO4) 3.24 H2O) , commonly known as alum, which is a colorless crystals , soluble in water and hydrolysis of Al (OH) 3 gel precipitation. It has strong adsorption properties is an important aluminum industry, can be used as purifying agent , paper filling agent for many purposes .
The experiment was dissolved in sodium hydroxide solution using the aluminum metal , aluminum hydroxy generated four soluble sodium aluminum impurities in the remaining insoluble impurities removed by filtration . H2SO4 followed by adjusting the pH of the solution was 8-9 , i.e. with Al (OH) 3 precipitate , after separation , the precipitate was added H2SO4 , that the conversion of 3 Al2 (SO4) 3 Al (OH), then formed Al2 (SO4) 3 crystals, Al2 (SO4) 3 K2SO4 crystals and crystals were saturated solution , after mixing, have generated alum . About the reaction is as follows :
2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O === 2Na [Al (OH) 4] + 3H2
[Al (OH) 4] - + H + === Al (OH) 3 + H2O
2Al (OH) 3 + 3H2SO4 === Al2 (SO4) 3 + 6H2O
Al2 (SO4) 3 + K2SO4 + 24H2O === K2SO4 · Al2 (SO4) 3.24 H2O
Alum monocrystalline culture : When there K2SO4 · Al2 (SO4) 3.24 H2O after precipitation of crystals , the crystal was filtered , structured as a selected seed crystals in the filtrate, and covered with a watch glass , allowing the natural evaporation of the solution , crystallization will gradually grow to become a large single crystal , single crystals with octahedral crystal form . The seed crystal to be grown as a single crystal , it is important not to change the temperature of the solution is so large that the water solution was slowly evaporated. Also to be grown crystals can also be generated on the crystal system of nylon rope , suspended in solution. Such crystal growth rate is not affected in all respects , to generate a more regular crystals .
Third, experimental supplies
Instruments and Materials : beakers, electronic scales, Buchner funnel , evaporating dish , alcohol lamp , tripod, asbestos network , matches, glass funnel , graduated cylinder , filter paper , pH test strips, nylon cord.
Reagents : Al crumbs (CP), NaOH (CP), K2SO4 (CP), H2SO4 (3mol · L-1, 1:1), BaCl2 (0.1 mol · L-1).
Fourth, the experimental procedure
1 . Al (OH) 3 is generated
Weigh 2.3 g of solid NaOH , placed in 200mL beaker, add 30mL distilled water . Weigh 1 g of aluminum shavings in batches into the solution ( violent reaction against spills , should be carried out in a fume hood ) , to no more bubbles , and the reaction is completed, then add distilled water to bring the volume to approximately 40mL , filtration . The filtrate was transferred to 200mL beaker and heated to boiling , under continuous stirring , a solution of 3mol · L-1H2SO4, the pH of the solution is 8-9 , and stirring was continued for several minutes to boil , then suction filtered and the precipitate washed with boiling water until the pH value of the washing liquid is reduced to about 7 dry.
2 . Preparation of Al2 (SO4) 3 in
The resulting Al (OH) 3 into a beaker with constant stirring , was added 1:1 H2SO4, and water bath . When the solution becomes clear, stop the addition of sulfuric acid to give Al2 (SO4) 3 solution . The solution was concentrated to one half of the original volume , removed, cooled to room temperature and washed with water until crystallization was complete, filtered, the crystals were blotted dry with filter paper and weighed .
3 . Preparation and training of large crystals of alum
Aluminum sulfate crystals weighed into a small beaker, dubbed a saturated solution at room temperature. Another Weigh K2SO4 solid , also dubbed the same volume of a saturated solution , and then an equal volume of a saturated solution of the two -phase mixture, stirring well. After standing , alum crystals will be precipitated. Filtration , elected structured as a seed , on the filtrate , cover the surface of the pan, allow the solution to natural evaporation, crystallization will gradually grow to become a large single crystal , single crystals with octahedral crystal form .
In order to generate a large single crystal seed , it is important not to change the temperature of the solution is so large that the water solution was slowly evaporated. To generate large crystal , the crystal can also be generated on the system nylon rope suspended in the solution. Thus in all aspects of the crystal growth rate is not affected .
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